What Are Risk Factors for Eye Strain?

Refractive error (for example, nearsightedness [myopia], farsightedness [hyperopia], astigmatism, and/or presbyopia) is a risk factor. Presbyopia is an especially common cause of eye strain. It is the inability to accommodate (focus up close) easily as we get older, due to the gradual stiffening of the eye's natural lens. Typically, people notice it in their early to mid-40s, and it gradually worsens with time.

Dry eye is a common risk factor for eye strain. We tend to blink far less frequently when we concentrate on reading (either print material or electronic device screens). The tear film that coats our eyes' surface evaporates between blinks, leaving the eyes with a dry, sandy feeling and fluctuating vision. Wind from air conditioning and heating vents, fans, and open windows can make the symptoms even worse. A large number of chronic conditions are associated with dry eye. Most common among these is meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), a form of acne of the eyelid margins. Other conditions that lead to dry eye include overuse of drops that irritate the eyes' surface (for example, redness reliever drops, antihistamines, and eyedrops containing certain preservatives or chemicals that interfere with the eye's tear film), contact lenses that fit too tightly, and autoimmune disorders that result in chronic inflammation of the eye's surface or the lacrimal glands.

Long periods of continuous close work without breaks is a risk factor for ciliary spasm. The ciliary muscles in the eyes that you use to focus up close (accommodate) normally relax when you focus your sight off to the distance, but with long periods of close work, they can spasm, resulting in a cramping ache.

Fatigue is a risk factor for eye strain, particularly in people with convergence insufficiency, heterophoria, or eyelid ptosis.



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