What Is the Medical Treatment for Glaucoma?

Treatment is designed to lower the IOP by reducing production or increasing outflow of aqueous humor. Depending on the type of glaucoma, medications or surgery are used. IOP usually can be lowered using different medications in the form of eyedrops (see How to Instill Your Eyedrops) and oral or IV medications.

What Are the Medications for Glaucoma?

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, alpha-adrenergic agonists, and prostaglandin analogues are some of the most commonly used medications.

  • Beta-blockers, such as timolol (Timoptic), can reduce the amount of aqueous humor produced.
  • Alpha-adrenergic agonists, such as brimonidine (Alphagan), decrease the production of aqueous humor and also improve the drainage of aqueous humor.
  • Another group of drugs called prostaglandin analogs have recently been used. One that may be prescribed is latanoprost (Xalatan). They work near the drainage area within the eye to increase the secondary route of aqueous humor outflow in order to lower IOP.

What Is the Surgery for Glaucoma?

In certain cases, surgery may be required.

  • If you have angle-closure glaucoma, an operation called an iridotomy may need to be done. During an iridotomy, a drainage hole is created in the iris in order to relieve the increased pressure inside the eye. This technique can be performed using a laser; therefore, an incision in the eye is not needed. You may choose to have an iridotomy after an acute episode of angle-closure glaucoma or to prevent an attack of angle-closure glaucoma.
  • Medication normally does not work well for congenital glaucoma, so surgery is usually required.
  • Other types of surgery that are performed to help glaucoma include trabeculoplasty, cyclophotocoagulation, and filtering. All of these procedures try to ease the drainage of aqueous humor in the affected eye or eyes to decrease IOP. For more information on these procedures, consult your eye doctor.

How Do You Prevent Glaucoma?

In most cases, the best prevention for glaucoma is early detection. If detected early, vision loss and blindness may be prevented. Anyone older than 20 years should have a glaucoma screening. Periodic eye examinations are indicated for the rest of your life to help prevent and identify glaucoma, especially if you have certain risk factors such as being an African American or having a family history of glaucoma.

What Is the Prognosis for Glaucoma?

Although glaucoma cannot be cured, it can be controlled. People with glaucoma need to have regular eye examinations and usually need to continue treatment for the rest of their lives.

  • Untreated acute glaucoma results in permanent vision loss. Untreated chronic glaucoma can progress to blindness within several years.
  • Early diagnosis and treatment usually results in excellent success and vision is saved. The outcome for congenital glaucoma varies depending on the age that symptoms are detected and the child’s response to therapy.

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